Washington Environmental Law in Review

This annual publication from the Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy provides a summary of recent developments in Washington State environmental law. This Year in Review summarizes laws passed during the 2013-2014 legislative session and environmental case law decided the Washington State Supreme Court from late 2013 to late 2014. The court and legislature addressed several important environmental issues this year, including timber and water rights, renewable energy, air quality, and agency reporting requirements. The author reviewed these developments in Washington environmental law and summarized those determined to be most significant. All agencies referred to are Washington agencies. The author refers to agencies by shortened names, for example, the Department of Ecology (Ecology) and the Department of Fish and Wildlife (Wildlife)

Aerodynamic Parameter Identification of a Venus Lander

An analysis was conducted to identify the parameters of an aerodynamic model for a Venus lander based on experimental free-flight data. The experimental free-flight data were collected in the NASA Langley 20-ft Vertical Spin Tunnel with a 25-percent Froude-scaled model. The experimental data were classified based on the wind tunnel run type: runs where the lander model was unperturbed over the course of the run, and runs were the model was perturbed (principally in pitch, yaw, and roll) by the wind tunnel operator. The perturbations allow for data to be obtained at higher wind angles and rotation rates than those available from the unperturbed data. The model properties and equations of motion were used to determine experimental values for the aerodynamic coefficients. An aerodynamic model was selected using a priori knowledge of axisymmetric blunt entry vehicles. The least squares method was used to estimate the aerodynamic parameters. Three sets of results were obtained from the following data sets: perturbed, unperturbed, and the combination of both. The combined data set was selected for the final set of aerodynamic parameters based on the quality of the results. The identified aerodynamic parameters are consistent with that of the static wind tunnel data. Reconstructions, of experimental data not used in the parameter identification analyses, achieved similar residuals as those with data used to identify the parameters. Simulations of the experimental data, using the identified parameters, indicate that the aerodynamic model used is incapable of replicating the limit cycle oscillations with stochastic peak amplitudes observed during the test

Tort Liability of the State Highway Commissioners

Tort Liability of the State Highway Commissioner

Tort Liability of the State Highway Commissioners

Tort Liability of the State Highway Commissioner

MA

thesisThis thesis is a variationist study of a reputed "Third Dialect" of American English; - the variety of English; spoken in the Salt Lake Valley. Wendy Morkel's dialectological study revealed that the Southern monophthongal (ai) is present in Utah. Morkel's study follows the study of Di Paolo and Faber predicting the Southern Rotation in Utah. This thesis is a sociophonetic assessment of these claims. Sociolinguistic interviews of seven young adults in Utah were analyzed acoustically. Results of the acoustic analysis indicated that glide-weakening in (ai) is present in Utah English; and is conditioned by the voicing of the following consonant, consistent with Southern patterns. Glides tend to be weaker before voiced obstruents, nasals, and in open syllables. However, this thesis found that the front-upgliding word classes are inconsistent with Southern patterns. The analysis also revealed that gender plays an important role, with men weakening glides significantly more than women. This thesis frames the results of the analysis within sociolinguistic theory and will show how the evidence presented can inform sociolinguistic research both linguistically and socially

Icosapent ethyl

No abstract available

"Currency Manipulation" and World Trade

Central bank intervention in foreign exchange markets may, under some conditions, stimulate exports and retard imports. In the past few years, this issue has moved to center stage because of the foreign exchange policies of China. China has regularly intervened to prevent the RMB from appreciating relative to other currencies, and over the same period has developed large global and bilateral trade surpluses. Numerous public officials and commentators argue that China has engaged in impermissible "currency manipulation," and various proposals for stiff action against China have been advanced. This paper clarifies the theoretical relationship between exchange rate policy and international trade, and addresses the question of what content can be given to the concept of "currency manipulation" as a measure that may impair the commitments made in trade agreements. Our conclusions are at odds with much of what is currently being said by proponents of counter-measures against China. For example, it is often asserted that China's currency policies have real effects that are equivalent to an export subsidy. In fact, however, if prices are flexible the effect of exchange rate intervention parallels that of a uniform import tariff and export subsidy, which will have no real effect on trade, an implication of Lerner's symmetry theorem. With sticky prices, the real effects of exchange rate intervention and the translation of that intervention into trade-policy equivalents depend critically on how traded goods and services are priced. The real effects of China's policies are potentially quite complex, are not readily translated into trade-policy equivalents, and are dependent on the time frame over which they are evaluated (because prices are less "sticky" over a longer time frame).

International Trade and Domestic Regulation

Existing formal models of the relationship between trade policy and regulatory policy suggest the potential for a regulatory race to the bottom. WTO rules and disputes, however, center on complaints about excessively stringent regulations. This paper bridges the gap between the existing formal literature and the actual pattern of rules and disputes. Employing the terms-of-trade framework for the modeling of trade agreements, we show how "large" nations may have an incentive to impose discriminatory product standards against imported goods once border instruments are constrained, and how inefficiently stringent standards may emerge under certain circumstances even if regulatory discrimination is prohibited. We then assess the WTO legal framework in light of our results, arguing that it does a reasonably thorough job of policing regulatory discrimination, but that it does relatively little to address excessive nondiscriminatory regulations.